The formation of urine is a three step process occurring within nephrons, functional units of kidneys. Each kidney contains approximately one million nephrons that filter blood, restore essential nutrients, and eliminate metabolic waste. It has sequence: Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion. 1. Glomerular Filtration It begins in renal corpuscle, which consists of a … Read more
Immune system is a complex, integrated network of biological structures, including organs, specialized cells, and proteins, designed to protect an organism from threats. 1. Two Lines of Defense Immune system operates through two main strategies: Innate and Adaptive systems. Innate System This is defense you are born with. It is fast, non-specific, and acts as … Read more
In world of public health, before we can figure out why a disease is spreading, we first have to figure out what is actually happening. This is where descriptive epidemiology comes in. Think of it as investigative phase of medicine. It’s process of gathering facts, mapping territory, and a clear picture of a health event. … Read more
Your immune system isn’t a single organ; it’s a network of cells and proteins constantly patrolling for trouble. While there’s no single immunity score, these five signs indicate your system is robust and resilient. 1. You Recover Quickly from Illness Having a strong immune system doesn’t mean you never get sick. In fact, catching a … Read more
In public health, herd immunity (also known as population immunity) is point at which population becomes protected from an infectious disease. This happens when enough people have developed a defense—either through vaccination or previous infection—that virus or bacteria find it increasingly difficult to spread. When most people are immune, the chains of transmission are broken, … Read more
Our bodies use antibodies to check fluids between cells, some pathogens are clever enough to hide inside cells themselves. This is where Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI) steps in. Unlike humoral immunity (which uses B-cells and antibodies), CMI does not rely on circulating proteins. Instead, it involves activation of specialized cells that hunt down and destroy infected … Read more