Buddhism is a spiritual tradition focused on ending suffering and attaining enlightenment through personal spiritual development and deep insight into true nature of reality. Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) over 2,500 years ago, its philosophy is built on several foundational pillars. Four Noble Truths Dukkha (Truth of Suffering): Life involves suffering, dissatisfaction, and impermanence. Even … Read more
Informal social control refers to reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws. Unlike formal control, which relies on written rules and designated authorities (like police or courts), informal control is exercised through everyday social interactions. Think of it as unwritten pressure to behave in a way that is acceptable … Read more
Social control refers to the various mechanisms, strategies, and institutions that a society develops to maintain social order and encourage conformity to its norms and laws. Think of it as social glue that prevents chaos by focus individual behavior toward collective expectations. Sociologists typically divide social control into two main categories: Formal and Informal. 1. … Read more
Vande Bharat Mission (VBM) was a massive repatriation operation launched by Government of India on May 7, 2020, to bring back Indian nationals stranded abroad due to global travel restrictions and lockdowns caused by COVID-19 pandemic. It is widely regarded as one of largest civilian evacuation exercises in history, surpassing scale of 1990 Gulf War … Read more
Educated unemployment in India is often described as a paradox of plenty. While India possesses one of largest young, educated workforces in world, recent data from early 2026 highlights a troubling trend: unemployment rate actually increases with level of education. While overall national unemployment rate hovered around 4.8% in late 2025, rate for university graduates … Read more
In 2026, India has seen a decline in extreme poverty—dropping to approximately 2% from over 21% a decade ago—poverty remains a multifaceted challenge. Vicious cycle of poverty continues to affect millions, driven by a complex historical, economic, and social factors. Understanding these causes is essential to realizing India’s goal of becoming a developed nation (Viksit … Read more
India, world’s largest democracy, operates on multi-tiered electoral system to ensure representation from grassroots to national level. Elections are primarily categorized based on level of government and method of voting (direct or indirect). The following article outlines various types of elections conducted in Republic of India. 1. General Elections (Lok Sabha) General Elections are held … Read more
A vicious cycle is a chain of events where one bad thing leads to another, and that second thing make first thing even worse. It’s like being stuck in a loop that keeps spiraling downward. Think of it as opposite of a virtual cycle (where things get better and better). In a vicious cycle, the … Read more
In study of international relations, Power Transition Theory (PTT) explains for why great wars happen and how global hierarchy maintains order. First introduced by A.F.K. Organski in his 1958 book World Politics, this theory challenges traditional Balance of Power logic. While traditionalists argue that equality between nations prevents war, PTT suggests exact opposite: Equality leads … Read more
While both Power Transition Theory and Thucydides Trap examine why rising powers and established supreme leader often clash, they stem from different academic origins and offer distinct nuances on inevitability of conflict. Concepts Power Transition Theory (PTT) Developed by A.F.K. Organski in 1958, this theory views international relations as a hierarchy rather than an anarchy. … Read more