Our cells face a relentless barrage of DNA damage, most common causes come from small, non-bulky lesions such as oxidized, methylated, or deaminated bases. To fix these specific error, cell relies on Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway. BER is primary defense mechanism against DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), alkylating agents, and spontaneous … Read more
In a healthy adult, bone marrow is factory of blood cell production. However, under certain pathological conditions, body reverts to an embryonic state where organs outside bone marrow take over production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This process is known as Extramedullary Hematopoiesis (EMH). It signals significant underlying hematologic stress. Why … Read more
Hematopoiesis is complex biological process by which body produce all cellular components of blood. Healthy adult produces approximately 100 billion to 400 billion new blood cells every single day. Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) All blood cells originate from a single type of unspecialized cell called Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC). They found primarily in bone marrow … Read more
Production of urine begins with a biological sieving process known as glomerular filtration. Occurring within microscopic functional units of the kidney called nephrons, this process ensures that your blood is cleared of waste while retaining essential cells and proteins. Anatomy of Filter Glomerular filtration takes place in the renal corpuscle, which consists of two main … Read more
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is widely considered the most accurate way to measure how well your kidneys are functioning. In simple terms, it measures the amount of blood passing through the glomeruli—the tiny, ball-shaped clusters of blood vessels that act as filters in your kidneys—each minute. When the kidneys are healthy, they efficiently filter waste … Read more
Erythropoiesis is the physiological process by which the body produces red blood cells (erythrocytes). It ensures that blood has a sufficient number of cells to transport oxygen from lungs to body’s tissues and return carbon dioxide to be exhaled In a healthy adult, body produces approximately 2 million red blood cells every second to replace … Read more